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Threat and error management
Threat and error management (TEM) is an overarching safety management approach that assumes that pilots will naturally make mistakes and encounter risky situations during flight operations. Rather than try to avoid these threats and errors, its primary focus is on teaching pilots to manage these issues so they do not impair safety.
Its goal is to maintain safety margins by training pilots and flight crews to detect and respond to events that are likely to cause damage (threats) as well as mistakes that are most likely to be made (errors) during flight operations. TEM allows crews to measure the complexities of a specific organization's context, meaning that the threats and errors encountered by pilots will vary depending upon the type of flight operation, and record human performance in that context. TEM also considers technical issues (such as mechanical problems) and environmental issues and incorporates strategies from Crew Resource Management to teach pilots to manage threats and errors.
In 1994, the TEM framework was developed by the psychologists at the University of Texas based on the investigation of accidents of high capacity Regular Public Transport (RPT) airlines. However, an evaluation method was needed to identify threats and errors during flight operations and to add information to existing TEM data.〔〔 A Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA) serves this purpose and involves a highly-trained observer identifying and collecting safety related information about crew performance, environmental conditions, and operational complexity. The LOSA will be used to tailor the focus of TEM training to the specific types of threats and errors that a pilot is most likely to encounter within that specific operation. An airline that operates in arctic conditions may face a 'threat' of icing conditions while an operation that operates in desert conditions may be required to manage sand storms.
==Importance of TEM==
Threat and error management is an important element in training competent pilots who can effectively manage in-flight challenges.〔 There have been many strategies (e.g. training, teamwork, reallocating workload) that were focused on improving stress, fatigue, and error. Flight crew training stressed the importance of operational procedures and technical knowledge and led to there being less emphasis placed on nontechnical skills, which became isolated from the real-world operational contexts. Safety training, including TEM, is important because a crew's nontechnical (safety) knowledge helps more in managing errors effectively than crew's familiarization of operations through experience. Pilots who are selected from selection and training processes must be able to show analytical and coordination abilities. Understanding nontechnical skills allows pilots and crew members to carry out their duties efficiently and effectively.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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